Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

first using

  • 1 first using

    1. первое упоминание

     

    первое упоминание
    Данный термин означает, что Всемирные партнеры должны первыми упоминаться во всех списках партнеров, предназначенных как для внутреннего пользования, так и общедоступных, а также во всех иных списках, в которые включены Всемирные партнеры, если на их составление могут прямо или косвенно повлиять ОКОИ или НОК.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    first using
    Term means that TOP partners should appear first in all internal and external listings of partners and all other listings including TOP partners within the direct or indirect control of the OCOG or the NOC.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > first using

  • 2 using

    1) Общая лексика: с использованием, при использовании (Using the first method,...), за счёт (Увеличение уставного капитала Общества может осуществляться за счет: / The Company charter capital may be increased using:), с применением
    2) Химия: с помощью
    5) Общая лексика: (eyebolts, etc.) при помощи (рымболтов и т.д.)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > using

  • 3 using tools close to those of classical calculus

    Математика: (since we wish to study the problem of minimum) используя инструменты, подобные инструментам классического анализа (we first introduce the idea of continuity)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > using tools close to those of classical calculus

  • 4 using the first three conditions, we find

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > using the first three conditions, we find

  • 5 Rules for using sequence of tenses

    Основные правила употребления согласования времен:
    1) Согласование времен осуществляется, если употребление прошедшего времени в главном предложении меняет позицию во времени события, описываемого в придаточном. Например, в предложении: "I am sorry." событие относится к настоящему моменту; при передаче этого предложения в непрямой речи: "She told me that she was sorry." то же самое событие относится к моменту в прошлом.
    2) Согласование времен не применяется к модальным глаголам ( Modal verbs) would, should, could, might, ought, must. То же самое касается need в модальном значении и had better.

    I told him what he had better do under the circumstances. — Я сказал ему, как лучше поступить в сложившихся обстоятельствах.

    3) Согласование времен необязательно, если в придаточном предложении описывается обычная, не изменяющаяся во времени ситуация.

    He enquired what my fees are. — Он спросил, сколько я зарабатываю.

    4) Прошедшее (простое или продолженное) время в придаточном предложении изменяется на прошедшее совершенное (Past perfect) или прошедшее совершенное продолженное (Past perfect continuous) только в том случае, если требуется специально подчеркнуть, что событие, описываемое в придаточном предложении, произошло раньше.

    She realised that someone else had found the body first. — Она поняла, что кто-то уже нашел тело до нее.

    5) Согласование времен не применяется к придаточным предложениям, сообщающим общеизвестные факты.

    I first learned that the earth is round when I was in elementary school. — Я узнал, что земля круглая, когда учился в начальной школе.

    — Непрямая речь см. Indirect speech

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Rules for using sequence of tenses

  • 6 (since we wish to study the problem of minimum) using tools close to those of classical calculus

    Математика: используя инструменты, подобные инструментам классического анализа (we first introduce the idea of continuity)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > (since we wish to study the problem of minimum) using tools close to those of classical calculus

  • 7 since we wish to study the problem of minimum using tools close to those of classical calculus

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > since we wish to study the problem of minimum using tools close to those of classical calculus

  • 8 (since we wish to study the problem of minimum using tools close to those of classical calculus; we first introduce the) idea of continuity

    Математика: идея непрерывности

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > (since we wish to study the problem of minimum using tools close to those of classical calculus; we first introduce the) idea of continuity

  • 9 Talbot, William Henry Fox

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, England
    d. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.
    [br]
    Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.
    Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.
    Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.
    Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.
    Bibliography
    1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.
    8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).
    1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.
    Further Reading
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.
    D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).
    J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox

  • 10 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 11 let

    I let present participle - letting; verb
    1) (to allow or permit: She refused to let her children go out in the rain; Let me see your drawing.) dejar, permitir
    2) (to cause to: I will let you know how much it costs.) hacer (saber)
    3) (used for giving orders or suggestions: If they will not work, let them starve; Let's (= let us) leave right away!) que (+ subjuntivo)
    - let someone or something alone/be
    - let alone/be
    - let down
    - let fall
    - let go of
    - let go
    - let in
    - out
    - let in for
    - let in on
    - let off
    - let up
    - let well alone

    II let present participle - letting; verb
    (to give the use of (a house etc) in return for payment: He lets his house to visitors in the summer.) alquilar
    let vb
    1. dejar / permitir
    let me out! ¡déjame salir!
    2. alquilar
    to let somebody know hacer saber / decir
    if you need anything, just let me know si necesitas algo, dímelo
    tr[let]
    ————————
    tr[let]
    transitive verb (pt & pp let, ger letting)
    1 (allow) dejar
    1 que + subjuntivo
    let's go! ¡vamos!, ¡vámonos!
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (rent) alquilar
    'House to let' "Se alquila casa"
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (renting) alquiler nombre masculino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    let alone... y mucho menos...
    let me see / let's see a ver
    to feel let down sentirse defraudado,-a
    to let by dejar pasar
    to let go of soltar
    to let loose soltar, desatar
    to let off steam desfogarse
    to let oneself in for trouble meterse en un lío
    to let somebody alone dejar a alguien en paz, no molestar a alguien
    to let something alone no tocar algo
    to let somebody down lightly decírselo a alguien con tacto
    to let somebody in on something revelar algo a alguien
    to let somebody know hacer saber a alguien, avisar a alguien
    let ['lɛt] vt, let ; letting
    1) allow: dejar, permitir
    let me see it: déjame verlo
    2) make: hacer
    let me know: házmelo saber, avísame
    let them wait: que esperen, haz que esperen
    3) rent: alquilar
    let's go!: ¡vamos!, ¡vámonos!
    let us pray: oremos
    5)
    to let down disappoint: fallar
    6)
    to let off forgive: perdonar
    7)
    to let out reveal: revelar
    8)
    to let up abate: amainar, disminuir
    the pace never lets up: el ritmo nunca disminuye
    conj.
    que conj.
    pret., p.p.
    (Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to let")
    adj.
    arrendable adj.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: let) = alquilar v.
    arrendar v.
    dejar v.
    dejar pasar v.
    permitir v.

    I let
    noun (BrE) contrato m de arrendamiento m

    they specialize in holiday letsse especializan en el alquiler or el arrendamiento de residencias de vacaciones


    II
    (pres p letting; past & past p let) transitive verb
    a) ( allow to) dejar

    to let somebody/something + inf: let her speak déjala hablar; he let his hair grow se dejó crecer el pelo; let me help you deja que te ayude; don't let me keep you no te quiero entretener; let me see ¿a ver?, deja or déjame ver; you shouldn't let her talk to you like that no deberías permitir que te hable así; don't let me catch you here again! — que no te vuelva a pescar por aquí!; be II 1) a), drop II 5), rip I 2)

    b) (cause to, make)

    to let somebody/something + inf: let me have your answer tomorrow! dame la respuesta mañana; let me know if there are any problems avísame si hay algún problema; he let it be known that... — hizo saber que...

    c)

    to let go — soltar*

    let go! you're hurting me!suelta or suéltame, que me haces daño!

    to let somebody go — ( release somebody) soltar* a alguien; ( give somebody permission to go) dejar ir a alguien; ( fire somebody) (euph) despedir* a alguien

    to let oneself go — ( enjoy oneself) soltarse*, soltarse* la melena (fam); ( neglect oneself) abandonarse

    we'll let it go this time por esta vez (que) pase, por esta vez lo pasaremos por alto

    2) (+ adv compl)

    to let something/somebody by o past — dejar pasar algo/a alguien

    she let herself into the house — abrió la puerta y entró en la casa; see also let in, off, out

    3) [Used to form 1st pers pl imperative]

    let's go — vamos, vámonos

    don't let's o let's not argue — no discutamos

    b) (in requests, proposals, commands)

    if we were to sell it for, let's say, $500 — si lo vendiéramos por, digamos, $500

    let us pray — (frml) oremos

    4) [Used to form 3rd pers imperative, gen translated by que + subj in Spanish]

    never let it be said that... — que no se diga que...

    b) (expressing defiance, warning, threat)
    5) ( rent) (esp BrE) alquilar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [let]
    1. VT
    (pt, pp let)
    1) (=allow to)
    a) (gen) dejar, permitir more frm

    to let sb do sthdejar or more frm permitir que algn haga algo, dejar or more frm permitir a algn hacer algo

    my parents wouldn't let me go out with boys — mis padres no dejaban que saliera con chicos, mis padres no me dejaban salir con chicos

    let me help youdéjeme ayudarle or que le ayude

    let me think — déjame pensar, a ver que piense

    she wanted to help but her mother wouldn't let her — quería ayudar, pero su madre no la dejaba

    to let o.s. be persuaded — dejarse persuadir

    don't let me catch you cheating again! — ¡no quiero volver a pillarte haciendo trampa!, ¡que no vuelva a pillarte haciendo trampa!

    you must let me be the judge of that — eso tengo que juzgarlo yo

    don't let me keep you — no quiero entretenerle

    now let me see — ¿a ver?, déjame que vea

    it's hard work, let me tell you — es mucho trabajo, te lo aseguro

    alone 1., 2), a), be 1., 13), go 1., 24), rip 3., 2)
    b) (in prayers, wishes)

    please don't let it rain — por favor, que no llueva

    don't let him die, she prayed — no dejes que se muera, le pidió a Dios

    2) (=cause to)

    when can you let me have it? — ¿cuándo me lo puedes dejar?

    to let it be known that — hacer saber que

    slip 2., 5)
    3) (+ prep, adv)

    they won't let you into the country — no te dejarán entrar en el país

    he wouldn't let me pastno me dejaba pasar

    the barrier rose to let the car throughla barrera subió para dejar pasar el coche

    let in, let out, secret 2.
    4) (=forming imperative)

    her then boyfriend (let's call him Dave)... — el entonces novio suyo (llamémosle or vamos a llamarle Dave)...

    let's get out here — bajémonos aquí

    let's go! — ¡vámonos!

    let's not or don't let's jump to conclusions — no nos precipitemos a sacar conclusiones

    let us prayfrm oremos

    if you weigh, let's say, 175 pounds... — si pesas, digamos, 175 libras...

    let's see, what was I saying? — a ver or déjame ver, ¿qué decía yo?

    "shall we eat now?" - "yes, let's" — -¿comemos ahora? -sí, venga or -sí, vale

    "shall we go home now?" - "yes, let's" — -¿nos vamos a casa ahora? -¡sí, vamos! or -¡sí, vámonos!

    "people may complain" - "let them" — -puede que la gente se queje -pues que lo hagan

    let people say what they will, we know we are right — que la gente diga lo que quiera, nosotros sabemos que tenemos razón

    let that be a lesson to you! — ¡que eso te sirva de lección!

    let there be lighthágase la luz

    never let it be said that... — que nunca se diga que...

    5) (Math)
    6) (esp Brit) (=rent out) alquilar, arrendar (to a)
    7) (=put)

    a plaque let into a wall — una lápida empotrada en una pared

    8) (Med) [+ blood] sacar
    2.
    N

    we're converting the barn for holiday lets — estamos remodelando el granero para alquilarlo durante las vacaciones

    long/ short let — alquiler m a corto/largo plazo


    II
    [let]
    N
    1) (Tennis) dejada f, let m
    2) (Jur)
    LET
    Meaning "allow"
    Translate using either dejar, especially in informal contexts, or permitir, especially in more formal contexts. Both verbs can be followed either by an infinitive or by que + ((subjunctive)):
    Let me do it Déjame hacerlo, Déjame que lo haga
    Let her have a look Deja que ella lo vea, Déjale verlo
    We must not let the children see this No debemos permitir que los niños vean esto or permitir a los niños ver esto
    Imperative
    First person plural Translate let's and let us + ((verb)) using either vamos a + ((infinitive)) or using the present subjunctive of the main verb. The second construction is used particularly in formal language and when translating let's not:
    Let's go for a walk! Vamos a dar un paseo
    Let's consider the implications of the Government's decision Consideremos las implicaciones de la decisión del Gobierno
    Let's not waste any more time No perdamos ya más tiempo To translate l et's go, use vamos or vámonos o n its own without a following infinitive:
    Let's go to the theatre ¡Vamos al teatro! ► When let's is used on its own to reply to a suggestion, translate using vamos or vámonos i f the verb in the suggestion was ir. Use vale or venga if not:
    "Shall we go?" - "Yes, let's" "¿Nos vamos?" - "¡Sí, vamos!" or "¡Sí, vámonos!"
    "Shall we watch the match?" - "Yes, let's" "¿Vemos el partido?" - "Sí, vale" or "Sí, venga"
    Third person When let introduces a command, suggestion or wish in the third person, translate using que + ((subjunctive)):
    Let him come up! ¡Que suba!
    Let there be no misunderstanding about this ¡Que no haya ningún malentendido sobre esto!
    Let them do as they like ¡Que hagan lo que quieran! ► Be careful to distinguish between the "permission" sense of let sb do something and the "command" sense:
    Please let them stay here (i.e. Please allow them to stay) Déjalos que se queden aquí or Déjalos quedarse aquí, por favor
    Let them stay here! (i.e. expressing a decision or an order) ¡Que se queden aquí! When que is used in this sense, it never takes an accent. For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I [let]
    noun (BrE) contrato m de arrendamiento m

    they specialize in holiday letsse especializan en el alquiler or el arrendamiento de residencias de vacaciones


    II
    (pres p letting; past & past p let) transitive verb
    a) ( allow to) dejar

    to let somebody/something + inf: let her speak déjala hablar; he let his hair grow se dejó crecer el pelo; let me help you deja que te ayude; don't let me keep you no te quiero entretener; let me see ¿a ver?, deja or déjame ver; you shouldn't let her talk to you like that no deberías permitir que te hable así; don't let me catch you here again! — que no te vuelva a pescar por aquí!; be II 1) a), drop II 5), rip I 2)

    b) (cause to, make)

    to let somebody/something + inf: let me have your answer tomorrow! dame la respuesta mañana; let me know if there are any problems avísame si hay algún problema; he let it be known that... — hizo saber que...

    c)

    to let go — soltar*

    let go! you're hurting me!suelta or suéltame, que me haces daño!

    to let somebody go — ( release somebody) soltar* a alguien; ( give somebody permission to go) dejar ir a alguien; ( fire somebody) (euph) despedir* a alguien

    to let oneself go — ( enjoy oneself) soltarse*, soltarse* la melena (fam); ( neglect oneself) abandonarse

    we'll let it go this time por esta vez (que) pase, por esta vez lo pasaremos por alto

    2) (+ adv compl)

    to let something/somebody by o past — dejar pasar algo/a alguien

    she let herself into the house — abrió la puerta y entró en la casa; see also let in, off, out

    3) [Used to form 1st pers pl imperative]

    let's go — vamos, vámonos

    don't let's o let's not argue — no discutamos

    b) (in requests, proposals, commands)

    if we were to sell it for, let's say, $500 — si lo vendiéramos por, digamos, $500

    let us pray — (frml) oremos

    4) [Used to form 3rd pers imperative, gen translated by que + subj in Spanish]

    never let it be said that... — que no se diga que...

    b) (expressing defiance, warning, threat)
    5) ( rent) (esp BrE) alquilar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > let

  • 12 then

    ðen
    1. adverb
    1) (at that time in the past or future: I was at school then; If you're coming next week, I'll see you then.) entonces, en ese/aquel momento
    2) (used with prepositions to mean that time in the past or future: John should be here by then; I'll need you before then; I have been ill since then; Until then; Goodbye till then!) entonces, ese/aquel momento
    3) (after that: I had a drink, (and) then I went home.) entonces; después
    4) (in that case: He might not give us the money and then what would we do?) entonces
    5) (often used especially at the end of sentences in which an explanation, opinion etc is asked for, or which show surprise etc: What do you think of that, then?) entonces
    6) (also; in addition: I have two brothers, and then I have a cousin in America.) además

    2. conjunction
    (in that case; as a result: If you're tired, then you must rest.) entonces, en ese caso

    3. adjective
    (at that time (in the past): the then Prime Minister.) entonces
    then adv
    1. entonces / en aquella época
    I was born in 1920, life was harder then yo nací en 1920, entonces la vida era más dura
    2. entonces / luego / después
    3. pues / entonces
    if you don't like it, then don't eat it si no te gusta, pues no te lo comas
    tr[ðen]
    1 (at that time) entonces
    2 (next) luego, después, entonces
    3 (besides) además
    4 (so, therefore) entonces, así que; (in that case) entonces, pues
    you've come back then? ¿así que has vuelto?
    if you don't want to go, then don't si no quieres ir, pues no vayas
    1 (de) entonces
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    but then pero claro
    by then para entonces
    from then on a partir de entonces, desde entonces
    now and then de vez en cuando
    now then pues bien, ahora bien
    since then desde entonces
    then again también
    there and then en el acto, en el mismo momento
    until then / till then hasta entonces
    then ['ðɛn] adv
    1) : entonces, en ese tiempo
    I was sixteen then: tenía entonces dieciséis años
    since then: desde entonces
    2) next: después, luego
    we'll go to Toronto, then to Winnipeg: iremos a Toronto, y luego a Winnipeg
    3) besides: además, aparte
    then there's the tax: y aparte está el impuesto
    4) : entonces, en ese caso
    if you like music, then you should attend: si te gusta la música, entonces deberías asistir
    then adj
    : entonces
    the then governor of Georgia: el entonces gobernador de Georgia
    adj.
    de entonces adj.
    adv.
    allí adv.
    después adv.
    entonces adv.
    luego adv.
    pues adv.
    conj.
    conque conj.
    luego conj.
    por tanto conj.
    pues conj.

    I ðen
    1)
    a) ( at that time) entonces

    it was then that I rememberedfue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

    b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)
    2) (after prep)

    from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

    (up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

    3)
    a) (next, afterward) después, luego
    b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

    you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

    what then? — ¿entonces qué?

    c) (besides, in addition) además
    4)
    b) ( in that case) entonces

    you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

    5)

    II
    adjective (before n) entonces
    [ðen]
    1. ADV
    1) (=at that time) entonces; (=on that occasion) en aquel momento, en aquella ocasión; (=at that period in time) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón frm

    it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...

    then he used to go out, but now he never does — entonces or en aquella época salía, pero ahora no sale nunca

    before then, she couldn't remember anything that had happened before then — no podía recordar nada de lo que había ocurrido hasta entonces or hasta ese momento

    by then — para entonces

    even then, they existed even then, in 1953 — existían incluso entonces, en 1953

    even then it didn't work — aún así, no funcionaba

    from then on — desde aquel momento, desde entonces, a partir de entonces

    just then, just then he came in — entró justo entonces

    (every) now and then — de vez en cuando

    since then — desde entonces

    he wanted it done then and therequería que lo hicieran en el acto or en ese mismo momento

    until then — hasta entonces

    2) (=afterwards, next) después, luego

    then we went to Jacadespués or luego fuimos a Jaca

    what happened then? — ¿qué pasó después or luego?

    I chop the onions and then what? — pico las cebollas, ¿y luego qué?

    now 1., 6)
    3) (=in that case) entonces

    what do you want me to do then? — ¿entonces, qué quieres que haga?

    "but I don't want a new one" - "what do you want then?" — -pero yo no quiero uno nuevo -¿pues, qué es lo que quieres entonces?

    then you don't want it? — ¿así que no lo quieres?

    can't you hear me then? — ¿es que no me oyes?, ¿pues or entonces no me oyes?

    "it doesn't work" - "well then, we'll buy another one" — -no funciona -bueno, pues entonces compraremos otro

    4) (=furthermore) además

    it would be awkward at work, and then there's the family — en el trabajo habría problemas, y además tengo que pensar en la familia

    this, then, was the situation at the beginning of his reign — esta era, pues, or esta era, por (lo) tanto, la situación al principio de su reinado

    6) (=having said that)

    and or but then againpor otra parte

    I like it, but then I'm biased — a mí sí me gusta, pero yo no soy objetivo

    but then, you never can tell — pero vamos, nunca se sabe

    2.
    ADJ entonces, de entonces

    the then Labour government — el gobierno laborista de entonces, el entonces gobierno, que era laborista

    THEN
    Time
    When then means "at that time", translate using entonces:
    It was then that she heard Gwen cry out Fue entonces cuando oyó gritar a Gwen
    I hadn't heard about it till then Hasta entonces no había oído hablar de ello ► Alternatively, use expressions like en aquella época t o refer to a particular period or en ese momento to refer to a particular moment:
    ... my sister, who was then about 17...... mi hermana, que en aquella época tenía unos 17 años... or que tenía entonces unos 17 años... ► When then is used in the sense of "next", translate using luego or después:
    At first he refused but then he changed his mind Primero se negó, pero luego or después cambió de opinión
    He went to Julián's house and then to the chemist's Fue a casa de Julián y luego or después a la farmacia
    Reason
    When then means "so" or "in that case", translate using entonces (placed at the beginning of the sentence):
    "I have a headache" - "So you won't be coming to the theatre, then?" "Me duele la cabeza" - "¿Entonces no vienes al teatro?"
    Then you'll already know about the bomb Entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► Alternatively, use pues entonces:
    Then you'll already know about the bomb Pues entonces ya sabrás lo de la bomba ► In more formal and written language, use por ( lo) tanto or alternatively, pues, particularly when you are introducing a summary or a conclusion. These often appear between commas:
    Their decision, then, was based on a detailed analysis of the situation Su decisión, pues, or Su decisión, por (lo) tanto, estaba basada en un análisis detallado de la situación For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I [ðen]
    1)
    a) ( at that time) entonces

    it was then that I rememberedfue entonces or en ese momento cuando or (AmL tb) que me acordé

    b) ( in those days) en aquel entonces, en aquella época, a la sazón (liter)
    2) (after prep)

    from then on(ward) — a partir de ese momento, desde entonces

    (up) until o till then, up to then — hasta entonces

    3)
    a) (next, afterward) después, luego
    b) ( in those circumstances) entonces

    you might lose your job: what would you do then? — podrías perder el trabajo ¿y entonces qué harías?

    what then? — ¿entonces qué?

    c) (besides, in addition) además
    4)
    b) ( in that case) entonces

    you try doing it, then! — inténtalo tú, entonces!

    5)

    II
    adjective (before n) entonces

    English-spanish dictionary > then

  • 13 discount

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) торг. скидка (с цены), ценовая скидка (денежная сумма или процент, на который поставщик снижает стандартную цену товара или услуги; напр., снижение стандартной цены товара в рамках кампании по стимулированию сбыта или снижение прейскурантной цены в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж, за покупку в большом количестве и т. п.; также снижение стандартного тарифа на услуги для клиентов, удовлетворяющих определенным требованиям, напр., уменьшение величины страховой премии в связи с особенностями данного риска, отсутствием аварий или других страховых случаев в течение определенного времени, либо уменьшение стоимости туристической путевки при приобретении общей путевки для группы лиц и т. п.)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    one-time discount — единовременная [разовая\] скидка

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— скидка в сумме

    At the purchase of 6-10 titles you will obtain the discount in the amount of 5%.

    discount of $125, $125 discount — скидка в размере 125 долл.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — скидка в размере 10%, десятипроцентная скидка

    1% discount for cash — скидка 1% за расчет наличными

    15% discount for quantity purchases — 15-процентная скидка за покупку в большом количестве

    less discount of 5% — со сидкой в 5%, за вычетом 5%

    A discount of up to 40% may apply to Physical Damage Coverage for your boat, if the boat is less than 11 years old.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — скидка с (цены, тарифной ставки)

    50% discount below the normal retail price — 50% скидка с обычной розничной цены

    You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!

    Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.

    discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)

    Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.

    special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки

    50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет

    to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку

    Discounts are given for quantity purchases.

    First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.

    The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.

    Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.

    to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку

    Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.

    He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.

    to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку

    When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.

    Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.

    to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой

    If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.

    It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.

    Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]

    to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку

    To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.

    to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку

    Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.

    to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку

    This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.

    To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.

    to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку

    ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.

    Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.

    American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.

    They've increased the tax discount on the house.

    Syn:
    rebate 1. 1), reduction 1. 2) б)
    Ant:
    See:
    advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discount
    б) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)

    deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме

    discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.

    As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт

    For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)

    Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.

    The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.

    Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.

    All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.

    Ant:
    See:
    в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)
    See:
    г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)
    д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)
    See:
    е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)
    See:
    ж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)
    Ant:
    See:
    2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)
    Syn:
    See:
    3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)
    Syn:
    See:
    4)
    а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)
    Syn:
    б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]
    Syn:
    discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)
    See:
    2. гл.
    1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)

    The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.

    to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены

    to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%

    Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.

    If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.

    All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.

    The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.

    United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.

    The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.

    This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.

    discounted mortgageипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*

    discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*

    discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена

    See:
    2) фин., банк. учитывать
    а) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)

    to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%

    In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.

    The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.

    б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)

    to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%

    The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.

    If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.

    to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя

    See:
    3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)

    to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным

    Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.

    See:

    to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%

    Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.

    To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.

    We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.

    The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.

    When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.

    discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток

    discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости

    See:
    5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивости

    to discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение

    They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.

    We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.

    By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.

    Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.

    Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.

    Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.

    6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)

    Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.

    Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.

    The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.

    In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.

    These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".

    Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.

    See:

    * * *
    discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.
    * * *
    вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент
    . Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки
    -----
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    1. учет векселя
    2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей
    3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > discount

  • 14 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 15 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 16 as

    æz
    1. conjunction
    1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) cuando; mientras
    2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) como
    3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) como, igual que
    4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) como
    5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) aunque; por mucho que + verbo en subjuntivo
    6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) al igual que

    2. adverb
    (used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) tan

    3. preposition
    1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) como
    2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) como
    3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) como
    4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) como, en tanto que
    - as if / as though
    - as to

    as1 adv tan / tanto
    as2 conj
    1. mientras / cuando
    2. como / ya que
    as she wasn't there, I left a message como no estaba, le dejé un mensaje
    3. como
    Liam, as you know, is a singer Liam, como ya sabéis, es cantante
    as3 prep como / de


    as sustantivo masculino ace
    as sustantivo masculino ace Locuciones: as en la manga, ace up one's sleeve 'as' also found in these entries: Spanish: abandonar - abismo - acabada - acabado - acreditar - actuar - además - adjetivar - alguna - alguno - amabilidad - amable - amarrar - ambas - ambicionar - ambos - amén - andanzas - antes - antojo - apadrinar - apellidarse - apenas - aquel - aquél - aquella - aquélla - arreglarse - arte - artífice - asesorar - así - asimismo - atar - aviar - bailar - balsa - bendita - bendito - bien - bloque - bondad - brevedad - broma - buenamente - burra - burro - cachondeo - cada - calcada English: above - acclaim - accomplished - accused - ace - acknowledge - act - action - address - advance - against - ago - aim - all - along - aloud - apprentice - arson - as - asap - assistant - bat - bell - black - bonus - both - by - by-product - capacity - cast - chalk - change - check off - cheer - class - clear - click - cluster - come on - compare - concern - construe - crop up - crow - dammit - date - dead - deaf - decision - decoy
    as
    tr[æz, ʊnstressed əz]
    1 como
    1 (while) mientras; (when) cuando
    as he painted, he whistled mientras pintaba, silbaba
    2 (because) ya que, como
    3 (although) aunque
    tall as he was, he still couldn't reach the shelf aunque era alto no podía alcanzar el estante
    as I was saying,... como decía,...
    do as you are told! ¡haz lo que te dicen!
    as you all know,... como ya sabéis todos,...
    5 (and so too) como, igual que
    she's colour-blind, as is her mother es daltónica, igual que su madre
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as against frente a, en comparación con
    as far as hasta
    as far as I know que yo sepa
    as far as I'm concerned por lo que a mí respecta
    as for en cuanto a
    as if como si
    as it is tal como están las cosas
    as it were por así decirlo
    as long as mientras
    as of desde
    as often as not las más de las veces
    as soon as tan pronto como
    as though como si
    as well as además de
    as yet hasta ahora, de momento
    as ['æz] adv
    1) : tan, tanto
    this one's not as difficult: éste no es tan difícil
    2) : como
    some trees, as oak and pine: algunos árboles, como el roble y el pino
    as conj
    1) like: como, igual que
    2) when, while: cuando, mientras, a la vez que
    3) because: porque
    4) though: aunque, por más que
    strange as it may appear: por extraño que parezca
    5)
    as is : tal como está
    as prep
    1) : de
    I met her as a child: la conocí de pequeña
    2) like: como
    behave as a man: compórtate como un hombre
    as pron
    : que
    in the same building as my brother: en el mismo edificio que mi hermano
    as
    adv.
    a medida que adv.
    como adv.
    cual adv.
    cuan adv.
    tan adv.
    ya que adv.
    conj.
    conforme conj.
    que conj.
    según conj.
    prep.
    por prep.
    pron.
    cual pron.
    que pron.

    I æz, weak form əz
    1)
    a) (when, while) cuando

    as she was eating breakfast... — cuando or mientras tomaba el desayuno...

    as you go toward the bank, it's the first house on the left — yendo hacia el banco, es la primera casa a mano izquierda

    b) ( indicating progression) a medida que

    as (and when) we need thema medida que or según los vamos necesitando

    2) (because, since) como

    as it was getting late, we decided to leave — como se hacía tarde, decidimos irnos

    3) ( though)

    try as he might, he could not open it — por más que trató, no pudo abrirlo

    much as I agree with you... — aun estando de acuerdo contigo como estoy...

    4)
    a) (expressing comparison, contrast) igual que, como

    in the 1980s, as in the 30s — en la década de los 80, al igual que en la de los 30

    it's quite reasonable, as restaurants go — para como están los restaurantes, es bastante razonable

    the situation, as we understand it, is... — la situación, tal como nosotros la entendemos, es...

    5)
    a) ( in the way that) como

    do as you wishhaz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca

    she arrived the next day, as planned/expected — llegó al día siguiente como se había planeado/como se esperaba

    use form A or B as appropriate — use el formulario A o B, según corresponda

    b) ( defining)

    Sri Lanka, or Ceylon, as it used to be known — Sri Lanka, o Ceilán, como se llamaba antes

    as it is: we can't publish it as it is no podemos publicarlo tal y como está, no podemos publicarlo así como está; we've got too much work as it is ya tenemos demasiado trabajo; as it were por así decirlo; as was: our new president, our secretary as was — el nuevo presidente, ex secretario de nuestra organización

    as... as — tan... como

    7)

    as if/as though — como si (+ subj)

    he acts as if o as though he didn't care — se comporta como si no le importara

    he looks as if o as though he's had enough — tiene cara de estar harto


    II
    1) ( equally)

    I have lots of stamps, but he has just as many/twice as many — yo tengo muchos sellos, pero él tiene tantos como yo/el doble (que yo)

    2)

    as... as: these animals grow to as much as 12ft long estos animales llegan a medir 12 pies de largo; as recently as 1976 aún en 1976; as many as 400 people hasta 400 personas; as long ago as 1960 — ya en 1960


    III
    1)
    a) (in the condition, role of)

    as a child she adored dancingde pequeña or cuando era pequeña le encantaba bailar

    as a teacher... — como maestro...

    b) ( like) como

    as for — en cuanto a, respecto a

    and as for you... — y en cuanto a ti..., y en lo que a ti respecta...

    as of o (BrE) as from — desde, a partir de

    as to — en cuanto a, respecto a

    [æz, ǝz] For set combinations in which as is not the first word, eg such... as, the same... as, dressed as, acknowledge as, look up the other word.
    1. CONJUNCTION
    You can usually use cuando when the as clause simply tells you when an event happened: cuando Alternatively, use [al] + infinitive:

    as the car drew level with us, I realized Isabel was driving — al llegar el coche a nuestra altura or cuando el coche llegó a nuestra altura, me di cuenta de que lo conducía Isabel

    Translate as using mientras for longer actions which are happening at the same time: (=while) mientras

    as we walked, we talked about the future — mientras caminábamos, hablábamos del futuro

    In the context of two closely linked actions involving parallel development, translate [as] using [a medida que] or [conforme]. Alternatively, use [según va] {etc} + gerund:

    as one gets older, life gets more and more difficult — a medida que se envejece or conforme se envejece or según va uno envejeciendo, la vida se hace cada vez más difícil

    as he got older he got deafera medida que or conforme envejeció se fue volviendo más sordo, según fue envejeciendo se fue volviendo más sordo

    When as means "since" or "because", you can generally use como, provided you put it at the beginning of the sentence. Alternatively, use the more formal puesto que either at the beginning of the sentence or between the clauses or ya que especially between the clauses. como; more frm puesto que, ya que

    as you're here, I'll tell you — como estás aquí or puesto que estás aquí, te lo diré

    he didn't mention it as he didn't want to worry you — como no quería preocuparte, no lo mencionó, no lo mencionó puesto que no quería preocuparte

    he couldn't come as he had an appointmentno pudo asistir porque or puesto que or ya que tenía un compromiso

    patient as she is, she'll probably put up with it — con lo paciente que es, seguramente lo soportará

    3) (describing way, manner) como

    knowing him as I do, I'm sure he'll refuse — conociéndolo como lo conozco, estoy seguro de que no aceptará

    the village, situated as it is near a motorway,... — el pueblo, situado como está cerca de una autopista,...

    as I've said before... — como he dicho antes...

    as I was saying... — como iba diciendo...

    she is very gifted, as is her brother — tiene mucho talento, al igual que su hermano

    you'll have it by noon as agreed — lo tendrá antes del mediodía, tal como acordamos

    it's not bad, as hotels go — no está mal, en comparación con otros hoteles

    as in all good detective stories — como en toda buena novela policíaca

    as you knowcomo sabe

    Arsenal are playing as never before! — ¡Arsenal está jugando mejor que nunca!

    as often happens — como suele ocurrir

    he performed brilliantly, as only he can — actuó de maravilla, como solo él sabe hacerlo

    as you were! — (Mil) ¡descansen!

    do as you wishhaga lo que quiera

    4) (=though) aunque

    tired as he was, he went to the party — aunque estaba cansado, asistió a la fiesta

    interesting as the book is, I don't think it will sell very well — el libro es interesante, pero aún así no creo que se venda bien, aunque el libro es interesante, no creo que se venda bien

    try as she would or might, she couldn't lift it — por más que se esforzó no pudo levantarlo

    unlikely as it may seem... — por imposible que parezca...

    as if {or}3} as though como si

    it was as if or as though he were still alive — era como si estuviera todavía vivo

    he looked as if or as though he was ill — parecía como si estuviera enfermo

    it isn't as if or as though he were poor — no es que sea pobre, que digamos

    as if she knew! — ¡como si ella lo supiera!

    as if to

    the little dog nodded his head, as if to agree — el perrito movió la cabeza, como asintiendo

    as in as it is

    as it is, it doesn't make much difference — en realidad, casi da lo mismo

    as it is we can do nothingen la práctica or tal y como están las cosas no podemos hacer nada

    as it were

    I'd understood the words, but I hadn't understood the question, as it were — había entendido las palabras, pero no había comprendido la pregunta, por así decirlo

    I have become, as it were, two people — me he convertido como en dos personas

    as was

    that's the headmistress, the deputy as was — esa es la directora, que antes era la subdirectora

    2. PREPOSITION
    1) (=while)
    2) (=in the capacity of) como

    I don't think much of him as an actor — como actor, no me gusta mucho

    Gibson as Hamlet — (Theat) Gibson en el papel de Hamlet

    such 3.
    3. ADVERB
    as... as tan... como

    she hit him as hard as she could — lo golpeó lo más fuerte que pudo, lo golpeó tan fuerte como pudo

    she doesn't walk as quickly or as fast as me — no camina tan rápido como yo

    walk as quickly or as fast as you can — camina lo más rápido que puedas

    is it as far as that? — ¿tan lejos está?

    is it as big as all that? — ¿es de verdad tan grande?

    as little as as many... as tantos(-as)... como

    I've got a lot of tapes but I haven't got as many as him or as he has — tengo muchas cintas, pero no tantas como él

    as much

    she thought he was an idiot, and said as much — pensaba que era un idiota, y así lo expresó

    as much... as tanto(-a)... como

    you spend as much as me or as I do — tú gastas tanto como yo

    it can cost as much as $2,000 — puede llegar a costar 2.000 dólares

    as one half/twice/three times as... without as {or}3} so much as as for

    as for the children, they were exhausted — en cuanto a los niños, estaban rendidos, los niños, por su parte, estaban rendidos

    as for that... — en cuanto a esto...

    as from as of

    as of yesterday/now — a partir de ayer/ahora

    as to

    as to that I can't say — en lo que a eso se refiere, no lo sé

    as to her mother... — en cuanto a su madre...

    as yet hasta ahora, hasta el momento; regard 2., 4)
    * * *

    I [æz], weak form [əz]
    1)
    a) (when, while) cuando

    as she was eating breakfast... — cuando or mientras tomaba el desayuno...

    as you go toward the bank, it's the first house on the left — yendo hacia el banco, es la primera casa a mano izquierda

    b) ( indicating progression) a medida que

    as (and when) we need thema medida que or según los vamos necesitando

    2) (because, since) como

    as it was getting late, we decided to leave — como se hacía tarde, decidimos irnos

    3) ( though)

    try as he might, he could not open it — por más que trató, no pudo abrirlo

    much as I agree with you... — aun estando de acuerdo contigo como estoy...

    4)
    a) (expressing comparison, contrast) igual que, como

    in the 1980s, as in the 30s — en la década de los 80, al igual que en la de los 30

    it's quite reasonable, as restaurants go — para como están los restaurantes, es bastante razonable

    the situation, as we understand it, is... — la situación, tal como nosotros la entendemos, es...

    5)
    a) ( in the way that) como

    do as you wishhaz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca

    she arrived the next day, as planned/expected — llegó al día siguiente como se había planeado/como se esperaba

    use form A or B as appropriate — use el formulario A o B, según corresponda

    b) ( defining)

    Sri Lanka, or Ceylon, as it used to be known — Sri Lanka, o Ceilán, como se llamaba antes

    as it is: we can't publish it as it is no podemos publicarlo tal y como está, no podemos publicarlo así como está; we've got too much work as it is ya tenemos demasiado trabajo; as it were por así decirlo; as was: our new president, our secretary as was — el nuevo presidente, ex secretario de nuestra organización

    as... as — tan... como

    7)

    as if/as though — como si (+ subj)

    he acts as if o as though he didn't care — se comporta como si no le importara

    he looks as if o as though he's had enough — tiene cara de estar harto


    II
    1) ( equally)

    I have lots of stamps, but he has just as many/twice as many — yo tengo muchos sellos, pero él tiene tantos como yo/el doble (que yo)

    2)

    as... as: these animals grow to as much as 12ft long estos animales llegan a medir 12 pies de largo; as recently as 1976 aún en 1976; as many as 400 people hasta 400 personas; as long ago as 1960 — ya en 1960


    III
    1)
    a) (in the condition, role of)

    as a child she adored dancingde pequeña or cuando era pequeña le encantaba bailar

    as a teacher... — como maestro...

    b) ( like) como

    as for — en cuanto a, respecto a

    and as for you... — y en cuanto a ti..., y en lo que a ti respecta...

    as of o (BrE) as from — desde, a partir de

    as to — en cuanto a, respecto a

    English-spanish dictionary > as

  • 17 before

    bi'fo:
    1. preposition
    1) (earlier than: before the war; He'll come before very long.) antes (de)
    2) (in front of: She was before me in the queue.) delante (de), antes (de/que)
    3) (rather than: Honour before wealth.) antes que

    2. adverb
    (earlier: I've seen you before.) antes

    3. conjunction
    (earlier than the time when: Before I go, I must phone my parents.) antes (de que)
    before1 adv
    1. anterior
    2. antes
    has this ever happened before? ¿es la primera vez que pasa esto?
    3. ya
    before2 conj antes de que / antes de
    before3 prep
    1. antes de
    the day before yesterday anteayer / antes de ayer
    2. delante de
    tr[bɪ'fɔːSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (earlier) antes de
    3 (rather than) antes que
    4 (ahead) por delante
    5 (first) primero
    1 (earlier than) antes de + inf, antes de que + subj
    2 (rather than) antes de + inf
    1 (earlier) antes
    2 (previous) anterior
    4 (position) delante, por delante
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as never before como nunca
    Before Christ antes de Cristo
    before God ante Dios
    before long dentro de poco
    long before mucho antes de
    not long before poco antes de
    pride comes before a fall un exceso de orgullo conduce a la caída
    to put the cart before the horse empezar la casa por el tejado
    the one before el anterior, la anterior
    before [bɪ'for] adv
    1) : antes
    before and after: antes y después
    2) : anterior
    the month before: el mes anterior
    before conj
    : antes que
    he would die before surrendering: moriría antes que rendirse
    before prep
    1) : antes de
    before eating: antes de comer
    2) : delante de, ante
    I stood before the house: estaba parada delante de la casa
    before the judge: ante el juez
    adv.
    antes adv.
    delante adv.
    conj.
    antes de que conj.
    prep.
    ante prep.
    antes de prep.
    delante de prep.

    I bɪ'fɔːr, bɪ'fɔː(r)
    1) ( preceding in time) antes de
    2)
    a) ( in front of) delante de, ante (frml)
    b) (in rank, priority)

    II
    a) ( earlier than) antes de que (+ subj), antes de (+ inf)
    b) ( rather than) antes que

    she would die before... — prefería morir antes que...


    III
    adverb ( preceding) antes

    the day/year before — el día/año anterior

    have you been to Canada before? — ¿ya has estado en el Canadá?

    not that page, the one before — esa página no, la anterior

    [bɪ'fɔː(r)] When before is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come before, go before, look up the verb.
    1. PREP
    1) (in time, order, rank) antes de

    before long (in future) antes de poco; (in past) poco después

    before going, would you... — antes de marcharte, quieres...

    income before taxrenta f bruta or antes de impuestos

    profits before taxbeneficios mpl preimpositivos

    2) (in place) delante de; (=in the presence of) ante, delante de, en presencia de
    3) (=facing)

    the question before us (in meeting) el asunto que tenemos que discutir

    the problem before us is... — el problema que se nos plantea es...

    4) (=rather than)

    death before dishonour! — ¡antes la muerte que el deshonor!

    2. ADV
    1) (time) antes

    before, it used to be different — antes, todo era distinto

    2) (place, order) delante, adelante
    3.
    CONJ (time) antes de que; (rather than) antes que
    BEFORE
    Time
    Adverb When bef ore is an {adverb}, you can usually translate it using antes:
    Why didn't you say so before? ¿Por qué no lo has dicho antes?
    I had spoken to her before Había hablado con ella antes ► But the bef ore in never before and ever before is often not translated:
    I've never been to Spain before Nunca he estado en España
    I had never been to a police station before Nunca había estado (antes) en una comisaría
    It's not true that the working class is earning more money than ever before No es cierto que la clase obrera gane más dinero que nunca ► The day/night/ week {etc} before should usually be translated using el día/la noche/ la semana {etc} anterior:
    The night before, he had gone to a rock concert La noche anterior había ido a un concierto de rock ► In more formal contexts, where bef ore could be substituted by previously, anteriormente is another option:
    As I said before... Como he dicho antes or anteriormente... ► When bef ore is equivalent to already, translate using ya ( antes) or, in questions about whether someone has done what they are doing now before, using ¿es la primera vez que...?:
    "How about watching this film?" - "Actually, I've seen it before" -¿Vemos esa película? -Es que ya la he visto
    I had been to Glasgow a couple of times before Ya había estado (antes) en Glasgow un par de veces
    Have you been to Spain before? ¿Has estado ya en España? or ¿Es la primera vez que vienes a España? ► Translate ((period of time)) + bef ore using hacía + ((period of time)):
    They had married nearly 40 years before Se habían casado hacía casi 40 años NOTE: H acía i s invariable in this sense.
    Preposition When bef ore is a {preposition}, you can usually translate it using antes de:
    Please ring before seven Por favor, llama antes de las siete
    Shall we go for a walk before dinner? ¿Nos vamos a dar un paseo antes de cenar? ► But use ant es que with names of people and personal pronouns when they stand in for a verb:
    If you get there before me or before I do, wait for me in the bar Si llegas antes que yo, espérame en el bar ► Translate bef ore + ((-ing)) using antes de + ((infinitive)):
    He said goodbye to the children before leaving Se despidió de los niños antes de irse
    Conjunction When bef ore is a {conjunction}, you can usually translate it using antes de que + ((subjunctive)):
    I'll ask Peter about it before he goes away on holiday Se lo preguntaré a Peter antes de que se vaya de vacaciones
    We reached home before the storm broke Llegamos a casa antes de que empezara la tormenta ► If the subject of both clauses is the same, ant es de + ((infinitive)) is usually used rather than antes de que:
    Give me a ring before you leave the office Llámame antes de salir de la oficina This construction is also sometimes used in colloquial Spanish when the subjects are different:
    Before you arrived she was very depressed Antes de llegar tú, estaba muy deprimida For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I [bɪ'fɔːr, bɪ'fɔː(r)]
    1) ( preceding in time) antes de
    2)
    a) ( in front of) delante de, ante (frml)
    b) (in rank, priority)

    II
    a) ( earlier than) antes de que (+ subj), antes de (+ inf)
    b) ( rather than) antes que

    she would die before... — prefería morir antes que...


    III
    adverb ( preceding) antes

    the day/year before — el día/año anterior

    have you been to Canada before? — ¿ya has estado en el Canadá?

    not that page, the one before — esa página no, la anterior

    English-spanish dictionary > before

  • 18 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 19 Volk, Magnus

    [br]
    b. 19 October 1851 Brighton, England
    d. 20 May 1937 Brighton, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in the use of electric power; built the first electric railway in the British Isles to operate a regular service.
    [br]
    Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.
    By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.
    The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Volk, 1971, Magnus Volk of Brighton, Chichester: Phillimore (his life and career as described by his son).
    C.E.Lee, 1979, "The birth of electric traction", Railway Magazine (May).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Volk, Magnus

  • 20 like

    I
    1.
    adjective
    (the same or similar: They're as like as two peas.) parecido, igual

    2. preposition
    (the same as or similar to; in the same or a similar way as: He climbs like a cat; She is like her mother.) como

    3. noun
    (someone or something which is the same or as good etc as another: You won't see his like / their like again.) cosa igual

    4. conjunction
    ((especially American) in the same or a similar way as: No-one does it like he does.) como
    - likelihood
    - liken
    - likeness
    - likewise
    - like-minded
    - a likely story!
    - as likely as not
    - be like someone
    - feel like
    - he is likely to
    - look like
    - not likely!

    II
    verb
    1) (to be pleased with; to find pleasant or agreeable: I like him very much; I like the way you've decorated this room.) gustar
    2) (to enjoy: I like gardening.) gustar
    - likable
    - liking
    - should/would like
    - take a liking to

    like1 prep como / igual que
    like2 vb gustar
    do you like swimming? ¿te gusta nadar?
    tr[laɪk]
    what's the new boss like? ¿cómo es el nuevo jefe?
    2 (typical of) propio,-a de
    3 familiar como
    1 (such as) como
    2 formal use semejante, parecido,-a
    so I thought, like, what'll happen next? y yo pensé, pues, ¿qué pasará ahora?
    1 familiar como
    1 algo parecido
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    and the like y cosas así
    to be as like as two peas in a pod ser como dos gotas de agua
    like enough familiar seguramente
    like father, like son de tal palo tal astilla
    that's more like it! familiar ¡eso está mejor!, ¡así me gusta!
    to look like somebody parecerse a alguien
    something like that algo así, algo por el estilo
    to be of like mind formal use ser del mismo parecer
    to feel like tener ganas de
    like poles SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL polos nombre masculino plural iguales
    ————————
    tr[laɪk]
    1 (enjoy) gustar
    how do you like Barcelona? ¿te gusta Barcelona?
    2 (want) querer, gustar
    would you like me to leave? ¿quieres que me vaya?
    how would you like your egg, boiled or fried? ¿cómo quieres el huevo, pasado por agua o frito?
    1 querer
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    I like that! familiar ironic ¡pues mira qué bien!
    whether you like it or not quieras o no (quieras), a la fuerza
    like ['laɪk] v, liked ; liking vt
    1) : agradar, gustarle (algo a uno)
    he likes rice: le gusta el arroz
    she doesn't like flowers: a ella no le gustan las flores
    I like you: me caes bien
    2) want: querer, desear
    I'd like a hamburger: quiero una hamburguesa
    he would like more help: le gustaría tener más ayuda
    like vi
    : querer
    do as you like: haz lo que quieras
    like adj
    : parecido, semejante, similar
    like n
    1) preference: preferencia f, gusto m
    2)
    the like : cosa f parecida, cosas fpl por el estilo
    I've never seen the like: nunca he visto cosa parecida
    like conj
    1) as if: como si
    they looked at me like I was crazy: se me quedaron mirando como si estuviera loca
    2) as: como, igual que
    she doesn't love you like I do: ella no te quiere como yo
    like prep
    1) : como, parecido a
    she acts like my mother: se comporta como mi madre
    he looks like me: se parece a mí
    2) : propio de, típico de
    that's just like her: eso es muy típico de ella
    3) : como
    animals like cows: animales como vacas
    4)
    like this, like that : así
    do it like that: hazlo así
    adj.
    parecido, -a adj.
    parejo, -a adj.
    semejante adj.
    vecino, -a adj.
    adv.
    como adv.
    del mismo modo adv.
    n.
    semejante s.m.
    v.
    bienquerer v.
    (§pret: -quis-) fut/c: -querr-•)
    gustar v.
    querer v.
    (§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)

    I
    1. laɪk
    1) (enjoy, be fond of)

    I/we like tennis — me/nos gusta el tenis

    she likes him, but she doesn't love him — le resulta simpático pero no lo quiere

    how do you like my dress? — ¿qué te parece mi vestido?

    how would you like an ice-cream? — ¿quieres or (Esp tb) te apetece un helado?

    I like it! — ( joke) muy bueno!; ( suggestion) buena idea!

    I like that!(iro) muy bonito! (iró), habráse visto!

    do as o what you like — haz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca

    to like -ING/to + INF: I like dancing me gusta bailar; she likes to have breakfast before eight le gusta desayunar antes de las ocho; I don't like to mention it, but... no me gusta (tener que) decírtelo pero...; to like somebody to + INF: we like him to write to us every so often — nos gusta que nos escriba de vez en cuando

    2) (in requests, wishes) querer*

    would you like a cup of tea/me to help you? — ¿quieres una taza de té/que te ayude?

    I'd like two melons, please — (me da) dos melones, por favor


    2.
    vi querer*

    if you like — si quieres, si te parece


    II

    her/his likes and dislikes — sus preferencias or gustos, lo que le gusta y no le gusta

    2) (similar thing, person)

    the like: judges, lawyers and the like jueces, abogados y (otra) gente or (otras) personas por el estilo; I've never seen/heard the like (of this) nunca he visto/oído cosa igual; he doesn't mix with the likes of me/us — (colloq) no se codea con gente como yo/nosotros


    III
    adjective (dated or frml) parecido, similar

    people of like mindsgente f con ideas afines; pea


    IV
    1)
    a) ( similar to) como

    she's very like her motherse parece mucho or es muy parecida a su madre

    try this one - now, that's more like it! — prueba éste - ah, esto ya es otra cosa

    come on, stop crying!... that's more like it! — vamos, para de llorar... ahí está! or así me gusta!

    what's the food like? — ¿cómo or (fam) qué tal es la comida?

    it cost £20, or something like that — costó 20 libras o algo así or o algo por el estilo

    it's just like you to think of foodtípico! or cuándo no! tú pensando en comida!

    like this/that — así

    3) (such as, for example) como

    don't do anything silly, like running away — no vayas a hacer una tontería, como escaparte por ejemplo


    V
    conjunction (crit)
    a) ( as if)

    she looks like she knows what she's doingparece que or da la impresión de que sabe lo que hace

    b) (as, in same way) como

    VI
    a) ( likely)

    as like as not, she won't come — lo más probable es que no venga

    b) ( nearly)

    I [laɪk]
    1.
    ADJ frm (=similar) parecido, semejante

    snakes, lizards and like creatures — serpientes fpl, lagartos mpl y criaturas fpl parecidas or semejantes

    to be of like mindtener ideas afines

    - they are as like as two peas
    2. PREP
    1) (=similar to) como

    what's he like? — ¿cómo es (él)?

    you know what she's like — ya la conoces, ya sabes cómo es

    what's Spain like? — ¿cómo es España?

    what's the weather like? — ¿qué tiempo hace?

    a house like mine — una casa como la mía, una casa parecida a la mía

    we heard a noise like someone sneezing — nos pareció oír a alguien estornudar, oímos como un estornudo

    I never saw anything like it — nunca he visto cosa igual or semejante

    what's he like as a teacher? — ¿qué tal es como profesor?

    to be like sth/sb — parecerse a algo/algn, ser parecido a algo/algn

    you're so like your father(in looks, character) te pareces mucho a tu padre, eres muy parecido a tu padre

    it was more like a prison than a house — se parecía más a una cárcel que a una casa

    why can't you be more like your sister? — ¿por qué no aprendes de tu hermana?

    that's more like it! * — ¡así está mejor!, ¡así me gusta!

    there's nothing like real silk — no hay nada como la seda natural

    something like that — algo así, algo por el estilo

    I was thinking of giving her something like a doll — pensaba en regalarle algo así como una muñeca, pensaba en regalarle una muñeca o algo por el estilo

    they earn something like £50,000 a year — ganan alrededor de 50.000 libras al año

    people like that can't be trusted — esa clase or ese tipo de gente no es de fiar

    feel 2., 3), look 2., 4), smell 3., 1), sound I, 3., 2), a), taste 3.
    2) (=typical of)

    isn't it just like him! — ¡no cambia!, ¡eso es típico de él!

    (it's) just like you to grab the last cake! — ¡qué típico que tomes or (Sp) cojas tú el último pastelito!

    3) (=similarly to) como

    like me, he is fond of Brahms — igual que a mí, le gusta Brahms

    she behaved like an idiotse comportó como una idiota

    just like anybody else — igual que cualquier otro

    like this/ thatasí

    it wasn't like that — no fue así, no ocurrió así

    he got up and left, just like that — se levantó y se marchó, así, sin más

    anything, crazy 1., 1), hell 1., 2), mad 1., 1), b)
    4) (=such as) como

    the basic necessities of life, like food and drink — las necesidades básicas de la vida, como la comida y la bebida

    3. ADV
    1) (=comparable)

    on company advice, well, orders, more like — siguiendo los consejos de la empresa, bueno, más bien sus órdenes

    it's nothing like as hot as it was yesterday — no hace tanto calor como ayer, ni mucho menos

    £500 will be nothing like enough — 500 libras no serán suficientes, ni mucho menos

    2) (=likely)

    (as) like as not, they'll be down the pub (as) like as not — lo más probable es que estén en el bar

    4. CONJ
    *
    1) (=as) como
    - tell it like it is
    2) (=as if) como si
    5.
    N

    we shall not see his like againfrm, liter no volveremos a ver otro igual

    the exchange was done on a like- for-like basis — el intercambio se hizo basándose en dos cosas parecidas

    did you ever see the like (of it)? — ¿has visto cosa igual?

    sparrows, starlings and the like or and such like — gorriones, estorninos y otras aves por el estilo

    to compare like with like — comparar dos cosas semejantes


    II [laɪk]
    1. VT
    1) (=find pleasant)

    I like dancing/football — me gusta bailar/el fútbol

    which do you like best? — ¿cuál es el que más te gusta?

    I like himme cae bien or simpático

    I don't like him at all — me resulta antipático, no me cae nada bien

    I've come to like himle he llegado a tomar or (Sp) coger cariño

    don't you like me just a little bit? — ¿no me quieres un poquitín?

    I don't think they like each othercreo que no se caen bien

    I don't like the look of him — no me gusta su aspecto, no me gusta la pinta que tiene *

    I like your nerve! * — ¡qué frescura!, ¡qué cara tienes!

    well, I like that! *iro ¡será posible!, ¡habráse visto!

    she is well liked here — aquí se la quiere mucho

    2) (=feel about)

    how do you like Cadiz? — ¿qué te parece Cádiz?

    how do you like it here? — ¿qué te parece este sitio?

    how would you like to go to the cinema? — ¿te apetece or (LAm) se te antoja ir al cine?

    how would you like it if somebody did the same to you? — ¿cómo te sentirías si alguien te hiciera lo mismo?

    how do you like that! I've been here five years and he doesn't know my name — ¡qué te parece!, llevo cinco años trabajando aquí y no sabe ni cómo me llamo

    3) (=have a preference for)
    4) (=want)

    I didn't like to say no — no quise decir que no; (because embarrassed) me dio vergüenza decir que no

    take as much as you like — toma or coge todo lo que quieras

    he thinks he can do as he likes — cree que puede hacer lo que quiera, cree que puede hacer lo que le de la gana *

    whether he likes it or not — le guste o no (le guste), quiera o no (quiera)

    whenever you like — cuando quieras

    5)

    would/ should like —

    a) (specific request, offer, desire)

    would you like a drink? — ¿quieres tomar algo?

    would you like me to wait? — ¿quiere que espere?

    I'd or I would or frm I should like an explanation — quisiera una explicación, me gustaría que me dieran una explicación

    I'd like the roast chicken, please — (me trae) el pollo asado, por favor

    I'd like three pounds of tomatoes, please — (me da) tres libras de tomates, por favor

    b) (wishes, preferences)

    I should like to have been there, I should have liked to be there — frm me hubiera gustado estar allí

    2.

    as you like — como quieras

    "shall we go now?" - "if you like" — -¿nos vamos ya? -si quieres

    3.
    N
    likes gustos mpl

    likes and dislikesaficiones fpl y fobias or manías, cosas fpl que gustan y cosas que no

    LIKE
    Verb
    "Gustar" better avoided While gustar is one of the main ways of translating like, its use is not always appropriate. Used to refer to people, it may imply sexual attraction. Instead, use expressions like caer bien or parecer/ resultar simpático/ agradable. These expressions work like gustar and need an indirect object:
    I like Francis very much Francis me cae muy bien or me parece muy simpático or agradable
    She likes me, but that's all (A ella) le caigo bien, pero nada más
    Like + verb Translate to like doing sth and to like to do sth using gustar + ((infinitive)):
    Doctors don't like having to go out to visit patients at night A los médicos no les gusta tener que salir a visitar pacientes por la noche
    My brother likes to rest after lunch A mi hermano le gusta descansar después de comer ► Translate to like sb doing sth and to like sb to do sth using gustar + que + ((subjunctive)):
    My wife likes me to do the shopping A mi mujer le gusta que haga la compra
    I don't like Irene living so far away No me gusta que Irene viva tan lejos
    "How do you like...?" Use qué + parecer to translate how do/ did you like when asking someone's opinion:
    How do you like this coat? ¿Qué te parece este abrigo?
    How did you like the concert? ¿Qué te ha parecido el concierto? ► But use cómo + gustar when using how do you like more literally:
    How do you like your steak? ¿Cómo le gusta la carne?
    Would like When translating would like, use querer with requests and offers and gustar to talk about preferences and wishes:
    Would you like a glass of water? ¿Quiere un vaso de agua?
    What would you like me to do about the tickets? ¿Qué quieres que haga respecto a los billetes?
    I'd very much like to go to Spain this summer Me gustaría mucho ir a España este verano Literal translations of I'd like are better avoided when making requests in shops and restaurants. Use expressions like the following:
    I'd like steak and chips ¿Me pone un filete con patatas fritas?, (Yo) quiero un filete con patatas fritas For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I
    1. [laɪk]
    1) (enjoy, be fond of)

    I/we like tennis — me/nos gusta el tenis

    she likes him, but she doesn't love him — le resulta simpático pero no lo quiere

    how do you like my dress? — ¿qué te parece mi vestido?

    how would you like an ice-cream? — ¿quieres or (Esp tb) te apetece un helado?

    I like it! — ( joke) muy bueno!; ( suggestion) buena idea!

    I like that!(iro) muy bonito! (iró), habráse visto!

    do as o what you like — haz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca

    to like -ING/to + INF: I like dancing me gusta bailar; she likes to have breakfast before eight le gusta desayunar antes de las ocho; I don't like to mention it, but... no me gusta (tener que) decírtelo pero...; to like somebody to + INF: we like him to write to us every so often — nos gusta que nos escriba de vez en cuando

    2) (in requests, wishes) querer*

    would you like a cup of tea/me to help you? — ¿quieres una taza de té/que te ayude?

    I'd like two melons, please — (me da) dos melones, por favor


    2.
    vi querer*

    if you like — si quieres, si te parece


    II

    her/his likes and dislikes — sus preferencias or gustos, lo que le gusta y no le gusta

    2) (similar thing, person)

    the like: judges, lawyers and the like jueces, abogados y (otra) gente or (otras) personas por el estilo; I've never seen/heard the like (of this) nunca he visto/oído cosa igual; he doesn't mix with the likes of me/us — (colloq) no se codea con gente como yo/nosotros


    III
    adjective (dated or frml) parecido, similar

    people of like mindsgente f con ideas afines; pea


    IV
    1)
    a) ( similar to) como

    she's very like her motherse parece mucho or es muy parecida a su madre

    try this one - now, that's more like it! — prueba éste - ah, esto ya es otra cosa

    come on, stop crying!... that's more like it! — vamos, para de llorar... ahí está! or así me gusta!

    what's the food like? — ¿cómo or (fam) qué tal es la comida?

    it cost £20, or something like that — costó 20 libras o algo así or o algo por el estilo

    it's just like you to think of foodtípico! or cuándo no! tú pensando en comida!

    like this/that — así

    3) (such as, for example) como

    don't do anything silly, like running away — no vayas a hacer una tontería, como escaparte por ejemplo


    V
    conjunction (crit)
    a) ( as if)

    she looks like she knows what she's doingparece que or da la impresión de que sabe lo que hace

    b) (as, in same way) como

    VI
    a) ( likely)

    as like as not, she won't come — lo más probable es que no venga

    b) ( nearly)

    English-spanish dictionary > like

См. также в других словарях:

  • First-order logic — is a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic (a less… …   Wikipedia

  • First Internet Backgammon Server — (FIBS) is the earliest backgammon server on the internet, operating since July 19, 1992.cite web title = Original 1992 Usenet announcement url = http://groups.google.co.uk/group/rec.games.backgammon/browse… …   Wikipedia

  • First Minister and deputy First Minister — Incumbent Peter Robinson and Martin McGuinness since 5 June 2008 and 8 May 2007 (respectively) Appointer …   Wikipedia

  • First Chechen War — Russian helicopter brought down by Chechen fighters near the capital Grozny in 1994 …   Wikipedia

  • first class — ˌfirst ˈclass also first class adjective 1. if something is first class, it is of very good quality and much better than other things of the same type: • We provide a first class, professional service for our customers. 2. using first class mail …   Financial and business terms

  • First-person narrative — is a narrative mode in which a story is narrated by one character, who explicitly refers to him or herself in the first person, that is, using words and phrases involving I (referred to as the first person singular) and/or we (the first person… …   Wikipedia

  • First Council of Nicaea — Date 325 AD Accepted by Anglicans Assyrian Church of the East Calvinists Eastern Orthodox Lutherans Old Catholics Oriental Orthodox Roman Catholics Previous council None Next coun …   Wikipedia

  • First Air Force — (Air Forces Northern) First Air Force emblem CONR A …   Wikipedia

  • First university in the United States — is a status asserted by more than one U.S. university. In the U.S. there is no official definition of what entitles an institution to be considered a university versus a college, and the common understanding of university has evolved over time.… …   Wikipedia

  • First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Toronto — is a in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (Eastern Synod), located in Toronto, Ontario in Canada. It serves the communities of Toronto, and the Greater Toronto Area. The church offers services in both the English and German languages. The …   Wikipedia

  • First principle — First Principles is also the title of a work by Herbert Spencer. In philosophy, a first principle is a basic, foundational proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. In mathematics, first principles …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»